This guide provides a small selection of best practices for pipelines and points out the most common mistakes.
The goal is to point pipeline authors and maintainers towards patterns that result in better Pipeline execution and away from pitfalls they might otherwise not be aware of. This guide is not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible Pipeline best practices but instead to provide a number of specific examples useful in tracking down common practices. Use it as a "do this" generally and not as an incredibly detailed "how-to".
This guide is arranged by area, guideline, then listing specific examples.
Use Groovy code to connect a set of actions rather than as the main functionality of your Pipeline.
In other words, instead of relying on Pipeline functionality (Groovy or Pipeline steps) to drive the build process forward, use single steps (such as sh) to accomplish multiple parts of the build.
Pipelines, as their complexity increases (the amount of Groovy code, number of steps used, etc.), require more resources (CPU, memory, storage) on the controller.
Think of Pipeline as a tool to accomplish a build rather than the core of a build.
Example: Using a single Maven build step to drive the build through its build/test/deploy process.
Using a shell script within Jenkins Pipeline can help simplify builds by combining multiple steps into a single stage. The shell script also allows users to add or update commands without having to modify each step or stage separately.
This video reviews using a shell script in Jenkins Pipeline and the benefits it provides.
For a Pipeline, Groovy code always executes on controller which means using controller resources(memory and CPU). Therefore, it is critically important to reduce the amount of Groovy code executed by Pipelines (this includes any methods called on classes imported in Pipelines). The following are the most common example Groovy methods to avoid using:
JsonSlurper: This function (and some other similar ones like XmlSlurper or readFile) can be used to read from a file on disk, parse the data from that file into a JSON object, and inject that object into a Pipeline using a command like JsonSlurper().parseText(readFile("$LOCAL_FILE")). This command loads the local file into memory on the controller twice and, if the file is very large or the command is executed frequently, will require a lot of memory.
Solution: Instead of using JsonSlurper, use a shell step and return the standard out. This shell would look something like this: def JsonReturn = sh label: '', returnStdout: true, script: 'echo "$LOCAL_FILE"| jq "$PARSING_QUERY"'. This will use agent resources to read the file and the $PARSING_QUERY will help parse down the file into a smaller size.
HttpRequest: Frequently this command is used to grab data from an external source and store it in a variable. This practice is not ideal because not only is that request coming directly from the controller (which could give incorrect results for things like HTTPS requests if the controller does not have certificates loaded), but also the response to that request is stored twice.
Solution: Use a shell step to perform the HTTP request from the agent, for example using a tool like curl or wget, as appropriate. If the result must be later in the Pipeline, try to filter the result on the agent side as much as possible so that only the minimum required information must be transmitted back to the Jenkins controller.
Combine Pipeline steps into single steps as often as possible to reduce the amount of overhead caused by the Pipeline execution engine itself. For example, if you run three shell steps back-to-back, each of those steps has to be started and stopped, requiring connections and resources on the agent and controller to be created and cleaned up. However, if you put all of the commands into a single shell step, then only a single step needs to be started and stopped.
Example:
Instead of creating a series of echo or sh steps, combine them into a single step or script.
Jenkins.getInstanceUsing Jenkins.instance or its accessor methods in a Pipeline or shared library indicates a code misuse within that Pipeline/shared library. Using Jenkins APIs from an unsandboxed shared library means that the shared library is both a shared library and a kind of Jenkins plugin. You need to be very careful when interacting with Jenkins APIs from a Pipeline to avoid severe security and performance issues. If you must use Jenkins APIs in your build, the recommended approach is to create a minimal plugin in Java that implements a safe wrapper around the Jenkins API you want to access using Pipeline’s Step API. Using Jenkins APIs from a sandboxed Jenkinsfile directly means that you have probably had to whitelist methods that allow sandbox protections to be bypassed by anyone who can modify a Pipeline, which is a significant security risk. The whitelisted method is run as the System user, having overall admin permissions, which can lead to developers possessing higher permissions than intended.
Solution: The best solution would be to work around the calls being made, but if they must be done then it would be better to implement a Jenkins plugin which is able to gather the data needed.
As a Jenkins administrator, removing old or unwanted builds keeps the Jenkins controller running efficiently.
When you do not remove older builds, there are less resources for more current and relevant builds.
This video reviews using the buildDiscarder directive in individual Pipeline jobs.
The video also reviews the process to keep specific historical builds.
Wherever possible stay away from customized/overwritten Pipeline steps.
Overriding built-in Pipeline Steps is the process of using shared libraries to overwrite the standard Pipeline APIs like sh or timeout.
This process is dangerous because the Pipeline APIs can change at any time causing custom code to break or give different results than expected.
When custom code breaks because of Pipeline API changes, troubleshooting is difficult because even if the custom code has not changed, it may not work the same after an API update.
So even if custom code has not changed, that does not mean after an API update it will keep working the same.
Lastly, because of the ubiquitous use of these steps throughout Pipelines, if something is coded incorrectly/inefficiently the results can be catastrophic to Jenkins.
Having large variable declaration files can require large amounts of memory for little to no benefit, because the file is loaded for every Pipeline whether the variables are needed or not. Creating small variable files that contain only variables relevant to the current execution is recommended.
Try not to share workspaces across multiple Pipeline executions or multiple distinct Pipelines. This practice can lead to either unexpected file modification within each Pipeline or workspace renaming.
Ideally, shared volumes/disks are mounted in a separate place and the files are copied from that place to the current workspace. Then when the build is done the files can be copied back if there were updates done.
Build in distinct containers which create needed resources from scratch(cloud-type agents work great for this). Building these containers will ensure that the build process begins at the start every time and is easily repeatable. If building containers will not work, disable concurrency on the Pipeline or use the Lockable Resources Plugin to lock the workspace when it is running so that no other builds can use it while it is locked. WARNING: Disabling concurrency or locking the workspace when it is running can cause Pipelines to become blocked when waiting on resources if those resources are arbitrarily locked.
Also, be aware that both of these methods have slower time to results of builds than using unique resources for each job
NotSerializableExceptionPipeline code is CPS-transformed so that Pipelines are able to resume after a Jenkins restart. That is, while the pipeline is running your script, you can shut down Jenkins or lose connectivity to an agent. When it comes back, Jenkins remembers what it was doing and your pipeline script resumes execution as if it were never interrupted. A technique known as "continuation-passing style (CPS)" execution plays a key role in resuming Pipelines. However, some Groovy expressions do not work correctly as a result of CPS transformation.
Under the hood, CPS relies on being able to serialize the pipeline’s current state along with the remainder of the pipeline to be executed.
This means that using Objects in the pipeline that are not serializable will trigger a NotSerializableException to be thrown when the pipeline attempts to persist its state.
See Pipeline CPS method mismatches for more details and some examples of things that may be problematic.
Below will cover techniques to ensure the pipeline can function as expected.
Local variables are captured as part of the pipeline’s state during serialization.
This means that storing non-serializable objects in variables during pipeline execution will result in a NotSerializableException to be thrown.
One strategy to make use of non-serializable objects to always infer their value "just-in-time" instead of calculating their value and storing that value in a variable.
@NonCPSIf necessary, you can use the @NonCPS annotation to disable the CPS transformation for a specific method whose body would not execute correctly if it were CPS-transformed.
Just be aware that this also means the Groovy function will have to restart completely since it is not transformed.
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Asynchronous Pipeline steps (such as |
It is noteworthy that changing the pipeline’s durability can result in NotSerializableException not being thrown where they otherwise would have been.
This is because decreasing the pipeline’s durability through PERFORMANCE_OPTIMIZED means that the pipeline’s current state is persisted significantly less frequently.
Therefore, the pipeline never attempts to serialize the non-serializable values and as such, no exception is thrown.
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This note exists to inform users as to the root cause of this behavior. It is not recommended that the Pipeline’s durability setting be set to Performance Optimized purely to avoid serializability issues. |
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